European Cornel

''Cornus mas'', commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood genus ''Cornus'' native to Southern Europe and Southwestern Asia.

Description

It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.

Uses

Fruit

The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible, as used in Eastern Europe, the UK, and British Columbia, Canada, but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry; it is mainly used for making jam. It is also widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, add to rice, or make drinks. In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.

The fruit of ''Cornus mas'' (together with the fruit of '' C. officinalis'') has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as ', and used to retain the jing.

Flowers

The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of ''Forsythia''. While ''Cornus mas'' flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the ''Forsythia'', the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.

Wood

The wood of ''C. mas'' is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.

''Cornus mas'' was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.

In Italy, the ''mazzarella'', ''uncino'' or ''bastone'', the stick carried by the '' butteri'' or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called ''crognolo'' or ''grugnale'', dialect forms of it, corniolo.

Leaves

The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.

Name

''Cornus mas'', "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, ''Cornus sanguinea'', and so it appears in John Gerard's ''Herbal'':

Garden history

The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".

The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.

Cultivars

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
*’Aurea’ (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
*'Golden Glory' (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
*’Variegata’ (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)

References

External links

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mas
Edible fruits
Flora of Europe
Flora of Asia
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus